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- <text id=94TT0596>
- <title>
- May 09, 1994: Investigations:Is That Smoke
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- May 09, 1994 Nelson Mandela
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- INVESTIGATIONS, Page 58
- Is That Smoke, or Do I Smell a Rat?
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Two scientists say their research was snuffed out by Philip
- Morris
- </p>
- <p>By Sophfronia Scott Gregory--Reported by Dick Thompson/Washington
- </p>
- <p> This is a tale of rats and men. First the House committee hearings
- on the effects of smoking saw a procession of tobacco-industry
- executives standing shoulder to shoulder, swearing up and down
- that their products are not addictive. Then, last week, the
- laboratory rats testified otherwise--by way of two researchers,
- Victor DeNoble and Paul Mele. Before the committee, the duo
- outlined years of secretive addiction experiments done at the
- behest of Philip Morris in the 1980s, work that was later allegedly
- suppressed.
- </p>
- <p> In 1980 DeNoble and Mele were hired to find a substitute for
- nicotine that would have a less harmful effect on the heart.
- Philip Morris insisted on intense secrecy, so much so that laboratory
- rats were smuggled into the Richmond, Virginia, facility sometimes
- under cover of night. The researchers were instructed not to
- discuss the project with anyone.
- </p>
- <p> DeNoble and Mele set up an experiment in which rats could administer
- nicotine to themselves by pressing one of two levers. DeNoble
- said rats would thump the bar as often as 90 times in 12 hours
- to get the nicotine, vs. just 12 times a day for a saline solution.
- Even more telling, the researchers found that for nicotine combined
- with acetaldehyde, a product of burning cigarettes, the rats
- would press 500 times in 12 hours as opposed to 120 times in
- 12 hours for nicotine alone. "Our results demonstrated for the
- first time that nicotine shared common characteristics with
- other drugs that are delivered intravenously," says DeNoble.
- </p>
- <p> It was not welcome news to the industry. At about the same time--the summer of 1983--the family of Rose Cipollone, a lifetime
- cigarette smoker who died of lung cancer, had filed suit against
- Philip Morris and other tobacco companies, contending that they
- falsely represented the health risks of cigarettes. Philip Morris
- flew DeNoble and Mele to New York City to brief company executives
- on their research. According to Mele, however, when DeNoble
- explained that the rat experiment was a strong indication of
- the addictiveness of nicotine, one executive said, "Why should
- I risk a billion-dollar industry on a rat pressing a lever?"
- (In 1992 the Cipollones dropped the case.)
- </p>
- <p> The scientists returned to Richmond only to hear talk of moving
- the experiments out of Virginia and as far away as Switzerland.
- Then in April 1984 a supervisor summoned DeNoble and ordered
- him to turn off the machines, kill the rats and turn over his
- notes. A few days later, DeNoble came to work and found that
- "the animals were gone; the data was gone. Everything was gone."
- Attempts by DeNoble and Mele to publish their findings were
- blocked.
- </p>
- <p> As a result, a safer cigarette may have been lost. The researchers
- say they developed the nicotine substitute they were hired to
- find: 2'methylnicotine, which supposedly provides a nicotine-like
- high without distressing the heart. The discovery was never
- pursued.
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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